Jivitputrika: A Celebration of Maternal Love

Jivitputrika, also referred to as Jitiya, is a significant ancient Hindu festival celebrated primarily in Nepal and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand. This festival, dedicated to the well-being of sons, typically takes place over three days, from the seventh to the ninth lunar day of Krishna-Paksha in the Ashvin month. Notably, in Jharkhand, the celebration extends to eight days, commencing from the first lunar day of Ashvin.

Historical Context and Cultural Significance

Jivitputrika has deep-rooted historical and cultural significance. It reflects the values of maternal devotion and sacrifice prevalent in Hindu society. The festival emphasizes the belief that a mother’s love and prayers can safeguard her children from harm and misfortune. By observing this fast, mothers express their hopes and desires for their sons’ long life and prosperity, reinforcing the familial bonds that are central to Hindu culture.

Rituals and Traditions

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

The festival is observed over three main days, each with distinct rituals:

1. Nahai-Khai (First Day)

Ritual Bath: Mothers begin the festival with a ritual bath, symbolizing purification.

Food Preparation: After bathing, they consume only vegetarian food prepared with ghee and pink salt, reflecting the significance of purity in food choices.

2. Khur-Jitiya or Jiviputrika Day (Second Day)

Strict Fasting: On this day, mothers observe a strict fast, refraining from both food and water. This intense form of fasting, known as Nirjala, showcases their dedication and love for their children.

Prayers and Offerings: Throughout the day, mothers offer prayers to Jiutvahan, the deity associated with the festival, seeking blessings for their sons’ health and longevity.

3. Parana (Third Day)

Breaking the Fast: After two days of fasting, mothers prepare a grand meal to break their fast. This includes a variety of delicacies like curry rice, Noni (portulaca oleracea) saag, and Marua (Eleusine coracana) roti.

Storytelling: Families often share the tale of the jackal and the eagle during meals, which emphasizes themes of sacrifice and the protective nature of mothers.

Jharkhand

In Jharkhand, Jitiya is celebrated over eight days, highlighting its rich cultural practices:

Initiation of Festival: The festival begins with an announcement by the village Pani bharwa (water bearer) on Purnima (full moon day), marking the start of celebrations.

Seed Collection: On the first day, women collect sand from the river at dawn, ensuring no one sees them. They then place eight types of seeds (such as rice and gram) in a bamboo basket, symbolizing fertility and abundance.

Fasting and Food Offerings: As in other regions, women avoid onions, garlic, and meat during the fast. On the seventh day, they prepare offerings for jackals and eagles, believed to carry their prayers to the divine.

Worship and Celebration: On the eighth day, mothers plant a branch of the sacred fig tree (Jitiya) in their courtyard. They prepare traditional dishes like Pua and Dhooska and offer eight types of vegetables, flowers, and fruits in a basket. After worshipping the Jitiya branch and listening to the story of Jitvahan, they engage in celebratory dances, creating a festive atmosphere.

Nepal

In Nepal, especially among the Mithilanchal community and Tharu women of Eastern and Central Nepal, Jivitputrika holds significant cultural importance:

Nirjala Fast: Tharu women observe a rigorous Nirjala fast, abstaining from food and water. Depending on the lunar calendar, they might end up fasting for two days, reflecting their commitment.

Pre-Fast Meal: On the eve of the fast, families traditionally consume fish and chapatti made from millet, ensuring a hearty meal before the fasting begins. This practice is unique to this festival among the Tharu community.

Traditional Dance: Tharu women celebrate by performing Jhamta, a traditional dance that adds vibrancy and joy to the festival, showcasing their rich cultural heritage.

The Legend of Jivitputrika

The legend of Jimutvahana serves as the foundation for the Jivitputrika festival, illustrating themes of sacrifice, compassion, and maternal devotion. According to the legend:

The Story of Jimutvahana: Jimutvahana was a noble king of the Gandharvas who selflessly renounced his kingdom to care for his father. He later married Malayavati, symbolizing a harmonious and supportive partnership.

Encounter with the Old Woman: One day, Jimutvahana encountered an old woman mourning for her son, Sankhchuda, who was destined to be sacrificed to Garuda, the eagle god. Moved by her plight, Jimutvahana vowed to protect her son.

The Sacrifice: The next day, Jimutvahana offered himself as a sacrifice to Garuda. When Garuda arrived, he initially attacked but paused upon realizing Jimutvahana’s true identity and his noble intent. Impressed by his bravery and compassion, Garuda spared the nagas (snakes) from further sacrifices, forever changing their fate.

This poignant tale is mirrored in the Sanskrit play “Nagananda,” where themes of selflessness and sacrifice are similarly explored. The narrative not only highlights the importance of maternal love but also reinforces the idea that such love can transcend even the most dire situations.

Conclusion

Jivitputrika is much more than a festival; it is a profound expression of a mother’s love, showcasing the sacrifices she is willing to make for her children’s well-being. Through rituals, fasting, and storytelling, participants reaffirm their devotion to family and the protective bond between mothers and their children. The festival’s rich traditions and cultural significance continue to resonate deeply within Hindu communities, ensuring that the legacy of love and sacrifice is celebrated and passed down through generations. The vibrancy of Jivitputrika reflects the essence of familial love, making it a cherished occasion in the cultural tapestry of South Asia.