Surya Namaskar, often referred to as Sun Salutation, is a significant practice in yoga involving a sequence of twelve interconnected asanas (postures). This sequence forms a smooth flow of movements, creating a continuous cycle that many practitioners find both invigorating and calming. It is designed to synchronize breath with movement, creating a rhythm that can enhance both physical and mental well-being. Despite its formalization in the early 20th century, similar exercises were part of Indian tradition long before, particularly among wrestlers and other physical disciplines.

Historical Context and Origins

The exact origins of Surya Namaskar are somewhat obscure, but its association with the Hindu solar deity Surya is well-documented. Surya, as the Sun god, is revered as the source and soul of all life, making the practice a tribute to this powerful celestial entity. The term “Surya Namaskar” is derived from Sanskrit: सूर्य (Sūrya) meaning “Sun” and नमस्कार (Namaskāra) meaning “Greeting” or “Salute.” This reflects the traditional Indian belief in honoring the Sun as a vital life force.

Early references to sun salutations in Indian texts like the Ramayana mention practices such as Aditya Hridayam, but these differ significantly from the modern sequence. The current form of Surya Namaskar became popular in the early 20th century, largely due to the efforts of Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi, the Rajah of Aundh. Pant Pratinidhi’s 1928 publication, *The Ten-Point Way to Health: Surya Namaskars*, introduced and formalized the sequence, though he acknowledged that the practice was already a prevalent tradition in Maharashtra.

Influence of Key Figures

The widespread adoption of Surya Namaskar in contemporary yoga is largely attributed to T. Krishnamacharya, a pivotal figure in modern yoga. Krishnamacharya incorporated Surya Namaskar into his teachings at the Mysore Palace, where he conducted yoga classes. His influence extended to his students, including K. Pattabhi Jois and B. K. S. Iyengar, both of whom played significant roles in popularizing the practice globally.

Joseph Alter, a noted anthropologist, highlights that the Sun Salutation was not documented in traditional Haṭha yoga texts prior to the 19th century, suggesting that its integration into yoga was a more recent development. Norman Sjoman posits that Krishnamacharya may have drawn inspiration from traditional Indian exercises known as dandas (staff exercises), which bear similarities to the Sun Salutation asanas. This connection underscores the adaptability and evolution of yoga practices over time.

Modern Adaptations and Variations

Surya Namaskar has been adapted into various forms across different yoga traditions, each emphasizing different aspects of the sequence. The core of the practice involves transitioning between standing poses and floor poses, such as Downward Dog and Upward Dog, creating a fluid and dynamic sequence.

Sequences in Different Yoga Styles

1. Iyengar Yoga:

In Iyengar Yoga, Surya Namaskar consists of the following postures: Tadasana (Mountain Pose), Urdhva Hastasana (Upward Salute), Uttanasana (Forward Bend), Uttanasana with head up, Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Dog), Urdhva Mukha Svanasana (Upward Dog), Chaturanga Dandasana (Four-Limbed Staff Pose), and then reversing the sequence to return to Tadasana. Variations and additional poses can be incorporated based on the practitioner’s needs and goals.

2. Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga

Type A Sequence: This sequence includes Pranamasana (Prayer Pose), Urdhva Hastasana, Uttanasana, Phalakasana (High Plank), Chaturanga Dandasana, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, Uttanasana, and then returns to Pranamasana. This sequence emphasizes a smooth, rhythmic transition between postures.

Type B Sequence: Involves a more complex series of movements. It starts with Pranamasana, followed by Utkatasana (Chair Pose), Uttanasana, Ardha Uttanasana (Half Forward Bend), Phalakasana, Chaturanga Dandasana, Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana, and Virabhadrasana I (Warrior I Pose). This is repeated on both sides, and the sequence concludes with Ardha Uttanasana, Uttanasana, Utkatasana, and returns to Pranamasana. The Type B sequence integrates additional poses like Warrior I, providing a more comprehensive practice.

Conclusion

Surya Namaskar is a dynamic and multifaceted yoga practice with deep historical roots and modern significance. Its development from traditional Indian exercises to a globally recognized sequence illustrates the adaptability and enduring appeal of yoga. Through its various forms and adaptations, Surya Namaskar continues to be a cornerstone of yoga practice, offering physical benefits and spiritual enrichment to practitioners around the world.